Yuni Dhea Utari (1)
General Background: Gender identity within LGBT communities raises legal questions concerning constitutional guarantees, human rights, population administration, criminal law, and territorially applicable regulations. Specific Background: Indonesian positive law regulates these issues through multiple national and subnational regimes, while recognition of gender changes remains connected to population administration and court determination. Knowledge Gap: Previous studies commonly examine human rights, transgender legal status, criminal policy, or regional regulation separately, leaving limited integrated analysis of identity, administrative status, punishable acts, and territorial scope. Aims: This study analyzes the legal position of gender identity and the consequences arising from specific acts using normative legal research with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. Results: Indonesian law does not criminalize LGBT identity as such; criminal consequences arise only when specific conduct satisfies applicable statutory elements. Gender-status recognition depends on population administration and court determination, while regional and special regulations operate only within their respective territorial and institutional competence. Novelty: The study integrates legal certainty, rule-of-law requirements, the principle of legality, and human-rights protection into a single framework that distinguishes personal identity, administrative status, and sanctionable conduct. Implications: Clearer differentiation among these categories can support predictable legal consequences, proportional application of sanctions, rights protection, and more consistent guidance for policymakers and legal authorities.
Highlights:
Keywords: Gender Identity, Human Rights, Indonesian Law, Law Enforcement, LGBT
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