Indonesian Journal of Law and Economics Review

Low Job Satisfaction and Its Impact on Employee Performance in Fallujah (Awqaf)

Hamid Subhi Aliwy — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study tried to discover the impact of motivation on job satisfaction and performance in addition to studying the relationship between job satisfaction and performance in the Fallujah Sunni Endowment Directorate (2025). The researcher created a survey based on existing studies to measure motivation, job satisfaction, and performance, using a 41-question form that includes 18 questions about motivation, 15 about job satisfaction, and 8 about performance. They randomly selected 225 employees from middle and upper management to participate. The study instrument was distributed in the main location in Fallujah, where 150 questionnaires suitable for analysis with SPSS software were recovered in less than 3 months. The findings provided valuable insights for religious management in Iraq, offering practical recommendations for improving motivational strategies and techniques in addition to job satisfaction practices to enhance performance. The study also seeks to contribute to the existing body of knowledge on the interplay between job satisfaction, performance, and motivation in developing organizations, particularly within the context of the Iraqi systems.

Highlights:

Highlights the positive correlation between motivation, job satisfaction, and performance.
Fills a research gap in Iraq’s religious administrative institutions.
Offers practical HR strategies for improving organizational outcomes.

Keywords: Motivation, Job Satisfaction, Performance

Liquidity Indicators Correlate Positively with Financial Returns at Baghdad Soft Drinks

Thar Saadoon Shnaishel, Qassim Mahal Herez (Author) — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

General Background: Liquidity management plays a critical role in determining the financial sustainability of firms, especially in emerging economies with volatile macroeconomic conditions. Specific Background: In Iraq's industrial sector, firms like Baghdad Soft Drinks Company face liquidity challenges due to currency fluctuations, imported inputs, and evolving consumer demands. Knowledge Gap: Despite global literature affirming the liquidity-performance nexus, few empirical studies have addressed this relationship in Iraqi industrial firms using modern econometric models. Aims: This study investigates the impact of liquidity indicators—current ratio, quick ratio, and cash ratio—on financial performance, measured by return on assets (ROA), controlling for firm size and financial leverage. Results: Using multiple linear regression on data from 2015–2023, findings show all liquidity indicators significantly and positively affect ROA, while firm size also exerts a strong positive influence; financial leverage was statistically insignificant. The model explains 89% of the variance in ROA. Novelty: The study offers a contextualized analytical model adapted to Iraq’s industrial sector, integrating both agency and resource-based theories. Implications: The results highlight strategic opportunities for firms to enhance profitability by optimizing liquidity structures and scaling operations. This research fills a gap in regional financial literature and provides a replicable methodology for similar economies.
Highlight :

Liquidity indicators (current, quick, cash ratios) significantly improve financial performance (ROA).
Firm size positively affects profitability, while financial leverage showed no significant effect.
The model explains 89% of ROA variance—demonstrating liquidity's critical role.

Keywords : Liquidity, ROA, Financial Leverage, Quick Ratio, Baghdad Soft Drinks

Dynamics of Contract Cancellation in Civil Law and its Relevance for Consumer Protection

Tue, 29 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background (General): Contract annulment plays a significant role in upholding legal certainty and fairness within civil law frameworks. Background (Specific): In Indonesia, the Civil Code (KUH Perdata) provides the basis for contract validity, focusing on essential elements such as consent, legal capacity, and lawful object. Knowledge Gap: However, there is limited comprehensive analysis of how principles like good faith and fairness influence contract annulment beyond formal legal criteria. Aim: This study aims to examine the legal grounds, procedures, and implications of contract cancellation in Indonesia, particularly under the Civil Code, Consumer Protection Law, and Electronic Information and Transactions Law. Results: Through normative juridical analysis and case law review, the findings reveal that annulment is influenced not only by statutory violations but also by equitable considerations, such as imbalance in bargaining power and misrepresentation. Novelty: The study highlights how Indonesian courts increasingly incorporate substantive justice and good faith into annulment decisions, marking a shift from rigid formalism. Implications: These findings offer valuable insights for legal practitioners and business actors in mitigating contractual disputes and aligning agreements with evolving judicial interpretations.

Highlights:

Emphasizes the role of fairness and good faith in contract annulment.
Integrates statutory analysis with judicial interpretation.
Highlights practical implications for legal and business practices.

Keywords: Contract Annulment, Civil Law, Legal Protection.

Strengthening Legal Frameworks for Managing Iraq’s Cultural Heritage Revenues

Haleemah Khlaif Zghair (Author) — Thu, 01 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: The protection of cultural heritage revenues in Iraq has become increasingly critical
due to widespread looting, smuggling, and illegal exploitation, exacerbated by the country’s shifting
security and economic conditions. Specific Background: Although Iraq possesses both domestic
and international legal frameworks designed to safeguard its cultural heritage, their practical
effectiveness remains hindered by implementation weaknesses and legal gaps. Knowledge Gap:
There is limited research analyzing how existing laws can be optimized to ensure sustainable
management and protection of revenues derived from cultural heritage assets. Aim: This study aims
to evaluate the effectiveness of legal measures governing the protection and management of Iraqi
cultural heritage revenues, while proposing reforms to strengthen these frameworks. Results: The
findings reveal that despite a robust legislative foundation, weak enforcement mechanisms and
insufficient inter-agency coordination impede optimal resource management. The research
highlights the necessity of modernizing legislation and enhancing administrative processes.
Novelty: By employing a comparative analytical approach, the study integrates insights from
international practices to propose actionable reforms tailored to Iraq’s context. Implications: The
study underscores the importance of legislative updates, enhanced transparency, international
collaboration for asset recovery, and the establishment of a national fund to ensure the conservation
and sustainable utilization of cultural heritage revenues.

Highlights:

Legal gaps weaken cultural heritage revenue protection.
Global models guide legislative reform efforts.
National fund ensures sustainable heritage management.

Keywords: Cultural Heritage, Iraq, Legal Framework, Revenue Protection, Sustainable Management

The Legal Framework for Crimes Related to Augmented and Virtual Reality

Nidaa Mohamed Asfoor, Zainab Kadhim Talib — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) era are growing notable immersive environments, collectively contributing to the burgeoning Metaverse. While providing big societal and monetary blessings, these structures also present novel avenues for crook interest. Aims: This studies examines the adequacy and applicability of existing prison frameworks, generally countrywide criminal statutes and international cybercrime conventions, to deal with crimes devoted interior or facilitated with the useful resource of AR and VR environments. Method: Employing a qualitative, doctrinal criminal analysis approach, the study scrutinizes key stressful situations consisting of the definition of damage in digital spaces, the felony repute of virtual belongings, jurisdictional complexities bobbing up from the without boundaries nature of these technology, issues in accumulating admissible digital evidence, and issues surrounding individual anonymity and avatar attribution. Findings: Findings mean huge gaps and ambiguities internal contemporary jail structures. Existing legal suggestions, regularly designed for tangible harms or earlier sorts of virtual interplay, conflict to efficiently embody nuanced offenses like virtual attack, harassment, or theft of virtual property. Furthermore, large procedural hurdles related to jurisdiction, proof series, and offender identification avoid powerful law enforcement. Result: The studies concludes that relying entirely on analogical interpretations of present legal guidelines is insufficient and doubtlessly useless. Novelty: It underscores the urgent need for taken into consideration prison version, whether via legislative reform, delicate judicial interpretation, or improved worldwide cooperation, to make certain consumer protection, maintain consider, and foster accountable innovation within immersive digital realms. Impact: This study contributes to cyberlaw scholarship by imparting a synthesized analysis of criminal law challenges specific to modern AR/VR and gives insights for policymakers, legal practitioners, and era developers navigating this evolving panorama.

Highlights:

Existing criminal statutes are ambiguous and often inapplicable to immersive AR/VR offences.
Significant jurisdictional and evidentiary hurdles hinder prosecution across virtual borders.
The paper proposes an adaptive, technology‑neutral legal framework that balances innovation with user protection.

Keywords: Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality, Cybercrime Law, Jurisdiction, Digital Evidence