The flexible budget is one of the planning and control tools. It is an accounting instrument used to measure the financial results achieved by an institution compared to planned activities in order to identify variances that help management in control and to recognize actual results versus planned results. It thus reflects an improvement in management efficiency. The flexible budget is the translation of the institution's objectives and plans into numbers. It therefore has great importance as a work program and future plan aimed at controlling variances between actual and planned performance, and enabling management to correct and address the variances that arise.

Concept of the Flexible Budget

There are several definitions of the flexible budget, and we will address some of them:

• "It is a detailed plan expressed quantitatively for obtaining resources used during a specific time period." (Hilton, 1999, 336)

• "It is a quantitative and financial expression of the project's objectives and plans for using project resources to achieve these goals, after these plans have been approved by those responsible for their implementation, based on certain assumptions." (Drury, 2000, 236)

• "It is a detailed plan specified for the work to be implemented and communicated to all those responsible, serving as a guide for their actions and as the basis for performance evaluation." (Jeannie, 2002, 236)

• "It is a work plan aimed at organizing the activity aspects of a specific establishment within the limits of available human and financial resources." (Attorneys, 2010, 203)

Budgets are classified according to their flexibility into the following types:

• Fixed Budget: Also known as the static budget. It is prepared on the basis of a single activity level and compares actual results with planned costs according to the budget at the planned activity level. (Horngren, 2012, 103)

• Flexible Budget: Sometimes called the variable budget. It is the budget that covers a range of activity levels rather than a single level as in the fixed budget. It thereby achieves control and provides information that helps management in planning and decision-making. (Anthony, 2007, 165)

Characteristics of the Flexible Budget

The characteristics of the flexible budget can be identified by comparing it to the fixed budget as follows:

• The flexible budget is not confined to a single level of operations; rather, it is designed to operate across a number of levels within a given range.

• Actual results are not compared to planned results without considering the actual level of activity achieved, but rather across all levels within the specified range of the budget. A new budget can be prepared to compare actual performance against it if results differ from the original planned level of activity. Hence the name 'flexible budget.'

• It is dynamic and not rigid or static; it is adjustable in line with the requirements of the activity level.

Properties of the Flexible Budget

• It is oriented toward all activity levels within the appropriate range rather than a single activity level.

• It is dynamic rather than static by nature. The budget can be tailored to any activity level within the appropriate range, even after the period ends. The manager must look at the activity level actually achieved during the period and then refer to the flexible budget to determine the costs required for the achieved actual activity level. (Ray and Eric, 2002, 550)

Objectives of the Flexible Budget

The flexible budget has several objectives it aims to achieve, which are the same as the primary objectives of budgets:

• It serves as a tool and means to communicate future plans to all parts of the organization.

• It is an important tool in the planning process as it is prepared in advance for a coming period.

• It reveals potential or expected bottlenecks before they occur.

• It serves as a control tool by comparing actual results with planned ones and directing efforts toward achieving the targeted goals and objectives.

• The flexible budget enables the determination of overhead absorption rates for indirect industrial costs in order to determine the production cost in advance.

• The flexible budget clarifies the authority and responsibilities of the manager responsible for its implementation.

• It is a communication tool between management levels in the project.

• It enables the application of the principle of decentralization of responsibility and centralization of control, and also develops management's capacity for planning. (Garrison & Noreen, translated, 419, 2001)

Given the developments witnessed worldwide in all fields, which cause economic and governmental institutions to face several challenges that threaten their continuity in the market, one of these challenges is the management of financial resources, which is one of the most important challenges facing the institution as it is a fundamental element for its success and continuity. It achieves financial sustainability for the institution in the long run, which positively reflects on financial performance. Therefore, financial resources must be managed rationally. Financial performance must be evaluated in order to determine the effectiveness and efficiency of financial activities within the institution, based on which one can judge the extent of the institution's efficiency in achieving its economic objectives.

First: Definition of Financial Performance

There are several definitions of financial performance:

• "Financial performance is the measurement of achieved or expected results in light of predetermined criteria to determine what can be measured and the extent of goal achievement, to know the level of effectiveness, and also to determine the relative importance between results and resources used, allowing judgment of the degree of efficiency." (Abd Al-Ghani, 2006, 41)

• "It is the diagnosis of the financial health of the institution to determine its capacity to create value and face future challenges by relying on financial statements represented by balance sheets, income statement tables, and supplementary tables, taking into account the economic conditions and the industrial sector to which it belongs. On this basis, performance diagnosis is done by reviewing the economic return of the institution and the rate of profit growth." (Awadi, 2020, 85)

• "It is the extent of the economic institution's ability to optimally exploit its financial resources through short and long-term use in order to form wealth." (Safia, 2021, 221)

• "It is management's efforts in using the company's resources to maximize the value provided to shareholders." (Dang, 2023, 182)

• "It is a picture of the financial condition of the company analyzed through a series of financial analysis tools so that the health of the company's financial condition can be known, which can also reflect operational performance during a certain period." (Herdiyana et al., 2021, 31)

Second: Importance of Financial Performance

The importance of financial performance lies in its aim to improve company performance from multiple angles in a way that serves financial stakeholders—users of financial statements—to identify the company's strengths and weaknesses, and to rely on financial performance data to rationalize financial decisions for users. It also helps monitor companies' operations and behavior, evaluate their performance levels and effectiveness, and direct performance toward the right direction by identifying obstacles, clarifying their causes, and proposing corrective actions. It rationalizes the general uses of companies and directs their investments according to general objectives, contributing to making sound decisions to maintain continuity and competitiveness. (Al-Khateeb, 2010, 46-47) The importance of financial performance is represented in:

• It is a reason for the company's success and its ability to develop and excel.

• It helps exploit various investment opportunities, which in turn contribute to enhancing the company's success and achieving the objectives of stakeholders.

• Actual performance evaluation helps determine whether the current performance conforms to the plan that was set, thereby identifying the true level of achievement of the company's objectives.

• It helps measure company objectives and compare their results, determine the level of effectiveness in achieving them, and also determine the relative importance between results and resources used to achieve them, allowing knowledge of the degree of efficiency in achieving its objectives. (Al-Trawna, 2015, 13-14)

Third: Objectives of Financial Performance

Financial performance can achieve the following objectives:

• It allows the investor to monitor and know the institution's activity and its nature, and also helps in following up on the surrounding economic and financial conditions and estimating the impact of financial performance tools on share prices.

• It helps the investor carry out analysis, comparison, and interpretation of financial data and understand the interaction between data to make appropriate decisions for the institution's conditions. (Ghanim, 2021-2022, 35)

Fourth: Financial Performance Standards

Due to the lack of true meaning in financial indicators if they are not compared with reference numbers or standards that enable assessment of the strength or weakness of the institution's financial position, financial analysts have relied on a set of comparison methods that are fundamental in financial performance analysis and enable drawing accurate conclusions about the institution's situation, including:

• Historical Standards: These standards rely on the institution's performance in previous years. The importance of this standard derives from its usefulness in giving an idea of the general trend of the bank, revealing areas of weakness and strength, and showing its current financial position compared to previous years for the purpose of controlling the required year and evaluating performance by senior management, in addition to improving the efficiency of financial management.

• Sectoral Standards: These standards refer to the average performance of a group of institutions in the same sector, i.e., comparing the company's financial ratios with the financial ratios of banks of equal size and nature of service provision. Sectoral standards are greatly useful in financial analysis as they are derived from the same sector, which is the industrial sector to which industrial companies belong.

• Absolute Standards: These are the least important of the other standards and refer to the existence of an inherent characteristic, taking the form of a fixed value for a specific ratio shared by all institutions, measured against actual fluctuations.

• Target Standards: These standards rely on past results compared to policies, strategies, and budgets as well as plans prepared by institutions, i.e., comparing planning standards with actually achieved standards for a past time period. (Najwa Filali, 2020, 54-55)

Fifth: Steps for Evaluating Financial Performance

There are several steps that must be followed in order to evaluate financial performance:

• Collecting Information: This first step involves collecting all available information about the company, products, markets, and competitors, whether from public data (published financial statements, management reports, press articles) or through (sector studies, financial analysts' observations). This stage is usually completed with general knowledge of the institution and interviews with senior and executive management, as well as field visits.

• Conducting Economic Diagnosis: Economic analysis is primarily used to understand the business model of the institution or group. From a strategic and financial point of view, strategic analysis allows a look at the institution's competitive position and available market opportunities, identifying its strengths and weaknesses, and financial analysis to identify the determinants of the institution's long-term economic and financial performance and analyze the financing structure to assess its financial strength.

• Selecting the Correct Evaluation Method: At this stage, the method to be used in performance evaluation is determined. The selection of a specific method depends on several factors, including investment, and this choice also depends on data availability, or market conditions at the time of evaluation.

• Developing a Work Plan: From a theoretical perspective, the actuarial method is usually the most appropriate as it assumes that the institution's value equals the present value of cash flows generated from its activities. However, this method requires a work plan to develop and evaluate a certain amount of interaction possibilities in the case of a merger with another group. The plan is based on several assumptions related to changes in cash auditing, working capital needs, or investment expenditure.

• Determining Assumptions and Evaluation Determinants: In this stage, the assumptions or criteria on which performance evaluation is based are established, and this depends on the type of performance being evaluated.

• Building an Evaluation Group and Determining Value Range: During this stage, the evaluator or analyst seeks to build a set of values by determining the minimum and maximum values for the element to be evaluated.

• Results, Determining Variances and Responsibilities: After the process of determining and limiting values, the values that do not conform to the established criteria are identified, the size of their deviation from the standard is determined, and those responsible for these variances are identified. (Mattar, 2006: 73-74)

The budget is considered one of the important tools for planning and financial control in economic institutions, as it represents a quantitative translation of its strategic objectives that the institution seeks to achieve within a specific period. With the acceleration of economic changes and increasing complexity of the business environment, traditional budgets are no longer able to meet management's needs in planning and control, leading to the emergence of the flexible budget as a more realistic and appropriate alternative. Since the flexible budget is defined as the budget prepared on the basis of more than one activity level, with its items changing according to changes in production or sales volume, it makes it an effective tool for evaluating financial performance compared to the fixed budget. It also helps management distinguish between variances resulting from changes in activity level and those resulting from weak operational efficiency. The importance of the flexible budget lies in being an effective control tool that allows comparison between actual and planned performance according to the real, not hypothetical, activity volume, contributing to improving the accuracy of financial analysis. (Hamdan, 45, 2018)

The use of the flexible budget leads to raising the level of financial performance efficiency in industrial and service institutions alike. The flexible budget also supports the financial decision-making process by providing accurate information about the relationship between costs and activity volume, enabling management to formulate more effective financial policies. (Abdullah, 78, 2019)

The flexible budget is one of the most important modern approaches in administrative control for the information it provides, which helps correct the financial course in a timely manner. The flexible budget contributes to improving financial performance indicators such as increasing profitability and rationalizing costs, allowing management to reallocate resources more efficiently based on realistic data. (Al-Kubaisi, 2020, 112)

Based on the foregoing, the researcher believes that the relationship between the flexible budget and financial performance serves as a tool for dynamic planning and control, directly affecting the efficiency of resource utilization and achieving the institution's financial objectives. The more flexible the budget is in responding to changes in activity volume and economic conditions, the more positively this reflects on financial performance indicators.

The flexible budget also contributes to improving financial performance by providing a realistic picture of costs and revenues at different activity levels, which in turn helps management discover variances and analyze their causes with high accuracy. It enables distinguishing between increases resulting from activity expansion and those resulting from weak operational efficiency, enabling decision-makers to make sound corrective decisions. Adopting the flexible budget contributes to raising the level of financial control through an evaluation process built on fair comparison between planned and actual performance at the same activity level, which enhances fairness in evaluating the performance of different units and motivates them to improve production, ultimately reflecting on profitability, liquidity, and financial stability. Not adopting the flexible budget leads to distortion of the financial performance picture, as comparisons will be made on an unrealistic basis, and thus financial decisions will be incorrect and unsound, such as cutting necessary expenditures or continuing unjustified waste. Thus, the relationship between the flexible budget and financial performance is a direct relationship: the more effective and accurate the application of the flexible budget, the more positively it reflects on improving the institution's financial performance in terms of efficiency, profitability, and sustainability.

Tables (1) through (2) illustrate the descriptive statistics for the research sample, represented by the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and relative importance for the independent variable (flexible budget application) and the dependent variable (financial performance efficiency).

Table (1): Descriptive Statistics for the Flexible Budget Variable

The first main hypothesis of the research states that 'there is a statistically significant relationship between the application of the flexible budget and financial performance efficiency.' To test the above hypothesis, Spearman's correlation coefficient was used as shown below:

Table (3): Spearman's Correlation Coefficient Between Study Variables

The second main hypothesis of the research states that 'the application of the flexible budget in industrial companies contributes to enhancing financial performance efficiency.' To test the above hypothesis, simple regression analysis was used as shown below:

Table (4): t-Test for the Simple Linear Regression Model